This book is compiled challenging clinical cases in the field of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment published over the past three years. These cases encompass various scenarios, including improved targeted therapy for meningeal metastasis of lung cancer, rare mutations such as EGFR-RAD51, and the management of rare complications such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Additionally, it includes innovative drug treatment strategies based on ctDNA monitoring, and the handling of rare complications resulting from drug treatment, such as pulmonary embolism after targeted therapy. These cases, either rarely seen in clinical practice thus challenging to conduct specific clinical studies, or represent early clinical experiences with novel treatments, providing innovative insights for clinicians and serving as cases of interest.